GST And Its Impact On SMEs And Various Sectors Of The Indian Economy
Amidst the entire economic crisis across the globe, India is demonstrating hope with determined growth targets, supported by a slew of important projects like “Make in India”, “Digital India”, etc. The biggest tax reform since Independence, the Goods and Service Tax (GST) is expected to act as the much-needed catalyst for economic growth in India altering the indirect taxes levied on goods and services within the economy and eliminating the cascading effect of the tax system. GST has created high anticipation not only in India but also among all the neighboring and developed economies of the world. Among all the rumours about the negative impact of this bill on the SME sector, would the pros outweigh all the cons?
But first, a quick recap of GST.
What is GST?
The Goods and Service Tax will bring into place a unified taxation system, which would merge most of the existing taxes into a single taxation system. It replaces the taxes levied by the central and state governments separately and at different stages of sale and purchase including State Value-Added Tax (VAT), Central Excise, Service Tax, Entry Tax or Octroi and a few other indirect taxes. GST is expected to completely restructure the way India does business by introducing a single platform, the GST Network (GSTN), where businesses can upload their invoices for tax processing and availing tax benefits.
How is GST beneficial?
In simple words, GST simplifies the tax structure, unifies states, reduces tax evasion and increases government revenue.
But how does it help SME’s?
Apart from the obvious ease of paying taxes and reduced paperwork with GST, businesses can also claim the cost of depreciation on the goods purchased with ease. Once the invoices are logged in the GST network, the GST Credit will automatically get deducted from the purchase price. This allows SME’s to use them to calculate the depreciation cost on the goods and then claim it online.
A taxation system such as GST eliminates tax evasion, which is otherwise rampant in the business world. The intention of introducing GST is to expand taxpayers base and not increase the burden on businesses. This is expected to level the playing field and give equal opportunities to all players alike. What this does is create a highly competitive environment among businesses, resulting in a more competitive product pricing making it helpful for the end user. This, in turn, is expected to lead to an increase in consumer demand, which otherwise has been the bane of the SME world so far.
The tax incidence in every product currently being manufactured in India is about 27-30%. With the introduction of GST, this is expected to reduce to 20%. This will especially be beneficial for the manufacturing SME’s.
GST will also bring about the possibility for SME’s to expand existing markets as it eliminates tax burden of interstate sales. A unified market will aid in flexible transferring of goods.
A closer look at the impact of GST on various sectors of the Indian economy
Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG)
| Product | GST Rate | Prev. Tax Rate | Impact | Stocks Impacted |
| Toothpaste, Soaps, Hair Oil | 18% | 23-24% | Positive due to reduction in indirect tax | Colgate, Marico, ITC, etc |
| Detergents | 28% | 23-24% | Negative due to increase in indirect tax | HUL, Jyothy Lab, etc |
| Edible Oil | 5% | 3-9% | Positive especially for companies manufacturing coconut oil | Marico |
Consumer Discretionary
| Product | GST Rate | Prev. Tax Rate | Impact | Stocks Impacted |
| Paints/Varnish | 28% | 24-27% | Positive | Asian Paints, Nerolac, etc |
| Lamps and Fixtures | 12% | 15 & 22% respectively | Positive because Government’s efforts to promote usage of efficient lighting products | Havells India, Bajaj Electricals, etc |
| Air Cooler | 18% | 26% | Positive which is beneficial for organized players in terms of shift in demand from unorganized categories | Bajaj Electricals, Voltas, Havells, etc |
| Air Conditioner | 28% | 26% | Neutral | |
| Wires and Cables/Switches | 28% | 18% | Neutral because of increase in price of the products | Havells India, V-Guard, etc |
| PVC Pipes | 18% | 18% | Positive which would lead to a shift in demand from unorganized companies to organized companies | Supreme Industries, Wim Plast, etc |
| Furniture | 28% | 28% |
Financial Sector
| Product | GST Rate | Prev. Tax Rate | Impact | Stocks Impacted |
| Banks | 18% | 15% (Including Swachh Bharat Cess) | Neutral | All banks &insurance policies |
| Insurance | 18% | 15% [Including Swachh Bharat Cess] | Neutral. Premium will increase on both life and non-life insurance policies. |
Entertainment
| Product | GST Rate | Prev. Tax Rate | Impact | Stocks Impacted |
| Entertainment | 28% | 27% | Neutral | PVR, Inox, etc |
| Food & Beverages | 18% | 13% | Neutral | Future Consumer, Heritage Foods, etc |
The companies were expecting a tax rate of 18% but the rate is maintained almost same as the previous tax rate. So, the ticket prices may almost remain the same. But in the food & beverages sector, though the tax rates higher than the F&B VAT rate of 12.5%, the companies will be able to avail input tax credit paid on the raw materials leading to benefits to the tune of 100-150 bps.
Pharma & Healthcare
The healthcare industry is one of the world’s largest and fastest-growing industries.
| Product | GST Rate | Prev. Tax Rate | Impact | Stocks Impacted |
| API | 18% | 18% | Neutral | Cipla, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, etc |
| Formulation | 12% | 10-11% | ||
| Life Saving Drugs | 5% | 0% | ||
| Healthcare | 0% | 5-12% |
Basically, the impact on overall healthcare industry remains neutral. Nothing seems to have changed drastically because an increase in the tax rate will increase the overall cost which in turn can affect the lives of people. However, a negative impact of 4-5% is expected on the domestic formulations due to downsizing of inventory at the pharmacy/dealer level over concerns on availing credit on their closing stock a day before implementation of GST.
Hospitality, Aviation and Recreation Services
| Product | GST Rate | Prev. Tax Rate | Impact | Stocks Impacted |
| Luxury Hotels | 28% | 21-24% | Negative | Taj GVK, IHCL, etc |
| Air Travel (Economy class) | 5% | 6% | Marginally Positive since it boost demand for economic airline companies | Jet Airways, AirAsia, IndiGo, etc |
| Air Travel (Business class) | 12% | 9% | Neutral as the incremental tax rate is much higher than the prevailing tax rate | |
| Tour Operators | 5% | 9% | Positive because of reduced pricing, thereby boosting demand | SOTC, Cox & Kings, etc |
| Theme Parks | 28% | 18-36% | Negative | WonderLa, Water Kingdom, etc. |
Power and Capital Goods
The Power Industry is the backbone of the industrial world that supplies essential energy to industrial, manufacturing, commercial and residential customers around the globe. In developed economies with mature power markets, investment is driven by the transition of fuel and energy sources, increased environmental legislation and an ever-aging generation fleet and transmission/distribution infrastructure.
Capital goods are tangible assets such as machinery, equipment, vehicles and tools that an organization uses to produce goods or services in order to produce consumer goods and goods for other businesses. Manufacturers of automobiles, aircraft, and machinery fall within the capital goods sector because their products are used by companies involved in manufacturing, shipping and providing other services.
| Product | GST Rate | Prev. Tax Rate | Impact | Stocks Impacted |
| Coal | 5% | 12% | Positive especially for private IPPs who operate on merchant rate model and competitive bid based model | NTPC, Private IPPs, etc |
| Steel | 18% | 18-19% | Neutral | Nil |
| EPC/ Construction work Contract | 12% | 15-20% | Positive | L&T |
| Transformers | 28% | 18% | Negative. The demand may decrease and competitive intensity is high especially with low voltage segment. | Entire transformer sector |
Automobiles
| Product | GST Rate + cess of 1-15% | Prev. Tax Rate | Impact | Stocks Impacted |
| Two-wheeler | 28% | 24% | Neutral | Bajaj Auto, Hero Motors, etc |
| Small Cars | 29-31% | 24% | Neutral | Maruti, Tata Motors, etc |
| SUV/Sedans(< 1500cc) | 43% | 32% | Negative. Cars like Ciaz and Ertiga fall in this segment that form Maruti’s 9% domestic sales. | Maruti |
| SUV/Sedans(> 1500cc) | 43% | 36% | Neutral | Tata Motors |
| CV | 28% | 24% | Neutral. Marginal increase in rates. | Tata Motors, Eicher Motors, etc |
| Tractors | 12% | 12% |
The price of two-wheelers below 350cc is just increasing by 0.5%. Considering there is a cess of 3% on motorcycles above 350cc, the price post new GST will be by 2.6%. However, motorcycles above 350cc contribute only 0.4% of the domestic two-wheeler sales.
Small cars- There is a tax rate hike from the prevailing rate to the new GST rates which increases the price of the vehicles in the range of 1-3% post GST implementation because the base will also change with GST implementation. This potential price increase will not have an impact on demand.
Logistics
Logistics management is the part of supply chain management that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward, reverse flow, storage of goods, services and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customer’s requirements.
| Product | GST Rate | Prev. Tax Rate | Impact | Stocks Impacted |
| Road Transport | 5% | 4.5-6% | Positive | TCI |
| Rail and Coastal Shipping | 5% | 4.5-6% | Positive | GPPL |
| Container Rail | 12% | 6% | Neutral | Container Corporation |
| Express Warehousing and other value added services | 18% | 15% | Positive due to a trigger in volume growth, which would benefit the industries to have a pan-Indian presence | Gati and Blue Dart |
Freight Prices will remain the same as the current price in the case of road transport. However, input tax credit for road isn’t allowed to promote movement of goods from rail and coastal. The introduction of e-way bill would enable seamless movement of goods resulting in cost savings and improving vehicle efficiency.
For Rail and Coastal Shipping, the rates are maintained at the same rate as the current rate.
However, input tax credit, including capex is allowed. This would bring in effective tax rate lower or close to existing rates.
Higher taxes coupled with elevated haulage charges in the container rail sector would impact the competitive positioning of rail vis-à-vis road. Any input credit allowed in the sector would provide a breather. The market leader would be able to pass on the hike in rates thereby maintaining the realizations.
Agriculture and Chemicals
| Product | GST Rate | Prev. Tax Rate | Impact | Stocks Impacted |
| Agro Chemicals | 18% | 18% | Neutral | Rallis India |
| Seeds | 0% | 0% | Neutral | Rallis India |
| Pen and Pencils | 12% | 2% flat rate with no input credit | Neutral | Linc Pens and Pencils, Nataraj Pencils, etc |
| Technical Textiles | 18% | 18% | Neutral | Kanpur Plastipack, Shree Pushkar Chemicals, etc |
| Industrial Chemicals | 18% | 18% | Positive | |
| Tractors and Chemicals (Carbon Black) | 12% and 18% respectively | 0% and 17.5-19% respectively | Neutral | VST Tillers & Tractors and Phillips Carbon Black |
Oil and Gas
The oil and gas industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting and marketing of petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline. Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products. This industry is divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream.
| Product | GST Rate | Prev. Tax Rate | Impact | Stocks Impacted |
| Upstream and Downstream Oil Sector | NA | NA | Negative | ONGC, HPCL, MRPL, etc |
| Downstream Oil Sector | 5% | LPG & Kerosene: – 0% Excise Duty and 0-5% VAT | Neutral | HPCL, IOC, etc |
| Lubricants | 18% | 24-28% | Positive as companies will be able to retain a large portion of tax savings | Castrol India, Gulf Oil Lubricants |
Oil industries in earlier tax regime claimed input tax credit against excise duty and VAT on crude oil, petrol and diesel. Under the new GST tax regime, the oil industries will be unable to claim input tax/GST paid on procurement of plant, machinery and services as a majority of its products like crude oil, diesel and petrol are excluded from GST structure which will have an impact on profitability.
Earlier the VAT on PDS-kerosene and LPG earlier was in the range of 0-5% varying from state to state with nil excise duty. The new GST rate of 5% will increase PDS-kerosene and LPG prices in some states where VAT was lower than 5%. Overall, the impact remains neutral as additional tax shall be passed on to the customers.
Real Estate and Building Materials
The manufacture of building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as carpentry, insulation, plumbing, and roofing work.
| Product | GST Rate | Prev. Tax Rate | Impact | Stocks Impacted |
| Cement | 28% | 26-27% | Neutral | Ambuja Cement, etc |
| Real Estate | 12% | 5-12% | Negative | Oberoi Realty, Mantri, etc |
| Tiles | 28% | 26.5-29% | Neutral | Kajaria Ceramics, Somany Ceramics |
| Plywood | 28% | 27-29% | Neutral | Greenply, Century Laminates, etc |
| Laminates | 18% | 27-29% | Positive | Century Laminates, etc |
The new GST tax rate is just a little higher than the prevailing rate for cement companies. However, considering improved demand outlook, the cement companies will pass on the additional tax levy by adding a price hike on the product.
Bags and Luggage
| Product | GST Rate | Prev. Tax Rate | Impact | Stocks Impacted |
| Bags and Luggage | 28% | 18-19% | Negative | VIP Industries, Safari Industries, etc |
Breweries and Distilleries
| Product | GST Rate | Prev. Tax Rate | Impact | Stocks Impacted |
| Malt | 28 | 22-24% | Negative | United Breweries and United Spirits |
| Glass | 12-18% | 5-6% | Negative |
The Flip Side – How GST can impact SME’s
While everybody hails the tax reform, there are some who are not too enthusiastic about the upcoming changes. The SME sector who has so far received some forms of protection through various scheme from the government will no longer be entitled to them. Exemptions such as excise duty exemption for SME manufacturers will cease to exist. SME’s will be liable to pay the full amount which thereby puts these SME’s in direct competition with the industry leaders in terms of tax costs involved.
By lowering the tax threshold for North Eastern states from the current Rs.1.5 crore, it is expected to eat into the SME’s capital to pay taxes. Though this is being done to expand the base of taxpayers, this will likely impact the working capital of SME’s concentrated in this area. Since the introduction of GST is expected to impact SME’s access to their lifeline, i.e. working capital, SME’s are more likely to explore the alternative financing industry who can help them tide over any post-GST-cash crunches. KredX is one such alternative financing option that helps businesses grow by meeting their working capital requirements through invoice discounting. KredX is India’s leading invoice discounting marketplace that assists businesses to gain collateral-free access to working capital funds in 24-72 hours as opposed to a traditional payment tenure of 30-120 days. This ensures a healthy cash flow and subsequent business growth.
The SME service sector is likely to be the worst hit with an increase in tax rate post-GST instead of the current 15%. The bill also does not differentiate between luxury items and normal goods. Without a luxury tax, it will make it hard for SME’s to compete against the larger players.
Though there are a few worrying factors here, the benefits clearly offset the negatives. Experts expect an initial inflation once GST is put into action, but are betting on growth brought about by GST after the initial turbulence settles down. As India looks to GST with hope to increase its GDP, it is also crucial that the government ensures the effective implementation of the system to avoid damages to the backbone of the country, the SME industry.
How has your experience been so far after the implementation of GST? We would love to know if KredX can in any way assist with your transition. Please let us know if you require any additional information from our end at care@kredx.com or leave a comment in the comments section below.
